The United States has confirmedit willsend cluster munitions to Ukraine to help its military push back Russian forces entrenched along the front lines.
The Pentagon made theannouncement on Friday, local time,that it would send thousands of the controversial bombs.
Jake Sullivan, President Joe Biden's national security adviser, laid out the case on Friday for providing cluster munitions to Ukraine.
"We recognise that cluster munitions create a risk of civilian harm from unexploded ordnance," Mr Sullivan told reporters.
"This is why we've deferred the decision for as long as we could.
"But there is also a massive risk of civilian harm if Russian troops and tanks roll over Ukrainian positions and take more Ukrainian territory and subjugate more Ukrainian civilians because Ukraine does not have enough artillery," he said.
Sources who spoke anonymously on Thursday said thenew military aid package was worth $800 million.
The move will likely trigger outrage from some allies and humanitarian groups that have long opposed the use of cluster bombs.
Proponents argue that Russia has already been using the controversial weapon in Ukraine and that the munitions the USwill provide have a reduced dud rate, meaning there will be far fewer unexploded rounds that can result in unintended civilian deaths.
Here is a look at what cluster munitions are, where they have been used and why the USplans to provide them to Ukraine now.
What is a cluster bomb?
Also calledcluster munitions, thebombsopenin the air and releasesmaller "bomblets" across a wide area.
The bomblets are designed to take out tanks and equipment, as well as troops, hitting multiple targets at the same time.
The munitions are launched by the same artillery weapons that the USand allies have already provided to Ukraine for the war — such as howitzers — and the type of cluster munition that the USis planning to send is based on a common 155mm shell that is already widely in use across the battlefield.
In previous conflicts, cluster munitions have had a high dud rate, which meant that thousands of the smaller unexploded bomblets remained behind and killed and maimed people decades later.
The USlast used its cluster munitions in battle in Iraq in 2003, and decided not to continue using them as the conflict shifted to more urban environments with more dense civilian populations.
On Thursday, BrigadierGeneralPat Ryder said the defence department has "multiple variants" of the munitions and "the ones that we are considering providing would not include older variants with (unexploded) rates that are higher than 2.35 per cent."
Why provide them now?
For more than a year, the US has dipped into its own stocks of traditional 155 howitzer munitions and sent more than 2 million rounds to Ukraine.
Allies across the globe have provided hundreds of thousands more.
A 155mm round can strike targets 24 to 32 kilometresaway, making them a munition of choice for Ukrainian ground troops trying to hit enemy targets from a distance.
Ukrainian forces are burning through thousands of the rounds a day battling the Russians.
Yehor Cherniev, a member of Ukraine's parliament, told reporters at a German Marshall Fund event in the USthat Kyiv would likely need to fire 7,000 to 9,000 of the rounds daily in intensified counteroffensive fighting.
Providing that many puts substantial pressure on USand allied stocks.
The cluster bomb is an attractive option because it would help Ukraine destroy more targets with fewer rounds, and since the US hasn't used them in conflict since Iraq, it has large amounts of them in storage it can access quickly, said Ryan Brobst, a research analyst for the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
A March 2023 letter from top House and Senate Republicans to the Biden administration said the US may have as many as 3 million cluster munitions available for use, and urged the White House to send the munitions to alleviate pressure on US war supplies.
"Cluster munitions are more effective than unitary artillery shells because they inflict damage over a wider area," Mr Brobst said.
"This is important for Ukraine as they try to clear heavily fortified Russian positions."
Tapping into the US stores of cluster munitions could address Ukraine's shell shortage and alleviate pressure on the 155mm stockpiles in the US and elsewhere, Mr Brobst said.
Is it a war crime to use cluster bombs?
The use of cluster bombs itself does not violate international law, but using them against civilians can be a violation.
As in any strike, determining a war crime requires looking at whether the target was legitimate and if precautions were taken to avoid civilian casualties.
"The part of international law where this starts playing [a role], though, is indiscriminate attacks targeting civilians," Human Rights Watch's [HRW] associate arms director Mark Hiznay told The Associated Press.
"So that's not necessarily related to the weapons, but the way the weapons are used."
A convention banning the use of cluster bombs has been joined by more than 120 countries, which agreed not to use, produce, transfer or stockpile the weapons and to clear them after they've been used.
The US, Russia and Ukraine haven't signed on.
Where have they been used?
The bombs have been deployed in many recent conflicts, including by USforces.
The US initially considered cluster bombs an integral part of its arsenal during the invasion of Afghanistan that began in 2001, according to Human Rights Watch.
The group estimated that the US-led coalition dropped more than 1,500 cluster bombs in Afghanistan during the first three years of the conflict.
US Defensehad been due by 2019 to stop use of any cluster munitions with a rate of unexploded ordnance greater than 1 per cent.
But the Trump administration rolled back that policy, allowing commanders to approve use of such munitions.
Syrian government troops often used cluster munitions — supplied by Russia — against opposition strongholds during that country's civil war, frequently hitting civilian targets and infrastructure.
And Israel used them in civilian areas in south Lebanon, including during the 1982 invasion.
During the month-long 2006 war with Hezbollah, HRW and the United Nations accused Israel of firing as many as 4 million cluster munitions into Lebanon.
That left unexploded ordnance that threatens Lebanese civilians to this day.
The Saudi-led coalition in Yemen has been criticised for its use of cluster bombs in the war with the Iran-backed Houthi rebels that has ravaged the southern Arabian country.
In 2017, Yemen was the second deadliest country for cluster munitions after Syria, according to the UN. Civilians have been killed or maimed long after the munitions originally fell, making it difficult to know the true toll.
In the 1980s, the Russians made heavy use of cluster bombs during their 10-year invasion of Afghanistan.
As a result of decades of war, the Afghan countryside remains one of the most heavily mined countries in the world.
What's happening in Ukraine?
Russian forces have used cluster bombs in Ukraine on a number of occasions, according to Ukrainian government leaders, observers and humanitarian groups.
And human rights groups have said Ukraine has also used them.
During the early days of the war, there were repeated instances of Russian cluster bombs cited by groups such as Human Rights Watch, including when they hit near a preschool in the northeastern city of Okhtyrka.
The open-source intelligence group Bellingcat said its researchers found cluster munitions in that strike as well as multiple cluster attacks in Kharkiv, Ukraine's second-largest city, also in the north-east.
More recently, in March, a Russian missile and drone barrage hit a number of urban areas, including a sustained bombardment in Bakhmut, in the eastern Donetsk region.
Just west of there, shelling and missile strikes hit the Ukrainian-held city of Kostiantynivka and AP journalists in the city saw at least four injured people taken to a local hospital.
Police said Russian forces attacked the town with S-300 missiles and cluster munitions.
Just a month later, Donetsk GovernorPavlo Kyrylenko accused Russian forces of attacking a town with cluster munitions, wounding one person.
AP
Posted, updated
